Current World Population and Future Projections

The world population has grown tremendously over the past 2,000 years. In 1999, the world population passed the six-billion mark. By March of 2018, the official world population had jumped over the seven-billion mark to an estimated  7.46 billion. World Population Growth Humans had been around for tens of thousands of years by the year 1 A.D. when the Earths population was an estimated 200 million. It hit the billion mark in 1804 and doubled by 1927. It doubled again in less than 50 years to four  billion in 1975. Year Population 1 200 million 1000 275 million 1500 450 million 1650 500 million 1750 700 million 1804 1 billion 1850 1.2 billion 1900 1.6 billion 1927 2 billion 1950 2.55 billion 1955 2.8 billion 1960 3 billion 1965 3.3 billion 1970 3.7 billion 1975 4 billion 1980 4.5 billion 1985 4.85 billion 1990 5.3 billion 1995 5.7 billion 1999 6 billion 2006 6.5 billion 2009 6.8 billion 2011 7 billion 2025 8 billion 2043 9 billion 2083 10 billion Concerns for an Increasing Number of People While the Earth can only support a limited number of people, the issue is not so much about space as it is a matter of resources like food and water. According to author and population expert  David Satterthwaite, the concern is about the number of consumers and the scale and nature of their consumption. Thus, the human population can generally meet its basic needs as it grows, but not at the scale of consumption that some lifestyles and cultures currently support. While data is collected on population growth, it is difficult for even sustainability professionals to understand what will happen on a global scale when the worlds population reaches 10 or 15 billion people. Overpopulation is not the biggest concern, as enough land exists. The focus would primarily be on making use of uninhabited or underpopulated land. Regardless, birth rates have been falling around the world, which may slow down population growth in the future.  As of 2017, the total fertility rate for the world was 2.5, down from 2.8 in 2002 and 5.0 in 1965, but still at a rate that allows population growth. Growth Rates Highest in Poorest Countries According to World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, most of the worlds population growth is in poor countries. The 47 least developed countries are expected to see their collective population nearly double from 2017s one billion to 1.9 billion by 2050. Thats thanks to a fertility rate of 4.3 per woman. Some countries continue to see their populations explode, such as Niger with a 2017 fertility rate of 6.49, Angola at 6.16, and Mali at 6.01. In contrast, the fertility rate in many developed countries was below replacement value (more loss of people than those born to replace them). As of 2017, the fertility rate in the United States was 1.87. Others include Singapore at 0.83, Macau at 0.95,  Lithuania at 1.59, the Czech Republic at 1.45, Japan at 1.41, and Canada at 1.6. According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the worlds population has been rising at a rate of roughly 83 million people  every year, and the trend is expected to continue, even though fertility rates have been dropping in almost all regions of the world. Thats because the worlds overall fertility rate still exceeds the rate of zero population growth. The population-neutral fertility rate is estimated at 2.1 births per woman.

The War I And World War II - 944 Words

From piles of bodies in no man’s land to Jewish death camps, the level of violence found within World War I and World War II was extreme even for wartime standards. These experiences shaped generations to come through the memories passed on by those who lived through such atrocities. Both Ernst Junger and Art Spiegelman carry on these memories through the book Storm of Steel and graphic novel Maus. Their pieces both give glimpses into the lives of the past and the violence in which those individuals endured. Their portrayal of WWI and WWII parallels the respective authors’ understanding of the nature of each war’s violence, and their ownership to that memory. Furthermore, their emphasis on a particular portrayal of violence serves as a platform to compare WWI and WWII. Ownership of memory can be defined as the privilege of being able to pass on one’s understanding of past events and having that understanding accepted by the general public. For example, the Holocaust is recognized in the international community as a genocide. Therefore, Holocaust survivors are able have their memory of being genocide victims accepted by the general public. In contrast, Armenians have not been recognized as genocide victims until recently by the international community. This implies a lack of ownership and control of how their experiences as victims are remembered. It is important to note that one’s position in society, or accepted identity and its implications, greatly determines how eventsShow MoreRelatedWar I And World War II919 Words   |  4 Pageshistorians debate rather World War I and World War II were two different parts to the same war or if they are separate and distinct wars. Even though World War I and World War II were very different war s, and there were many years in between the two, the outcomes of World War I caused for World War II to happen because of unresolved issues. World War II is a continuation of World War I. World War I lasted four years and was the first total war in history. Before World War I Europe was doing well theyRead MoreThe War I And World War II1660 Words   |  7 Pagesin thehistory of the world were World War I and World War II. World War I occurred from 1914 to 1918. World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism and assassination (MANIA). The first four causations were more of a build-up to it. Then, once the Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, the buildup was sparked. This can be compared to pouring gasoline on the ground and then lighting it on fire. World War II occurred from 1939 to 1945.World War II was caused by the discontentRead MoreWar I And World War II1517 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history the United States has been involved in many different wars. Their involvement has brought forth many significant events and changes that have affected the American way of life. I will briefly discuss the events and the United States involvement in World War I and World War II. I will give a brief overview of both wars and explain exactly how and why the United States joined in each. The term First World War was first used in 1914 by Ernst Haeckel, who stated that, there is noRead MoreThe War I And World War II1191 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction During World War I and World War II life back home changed excessively. When the soldiers went to fight in World War 1 and World War 2, women and children had to replace men in the workforce. There was an increase in those affected by the trauma of the wars, and the birth-rates dropped during this time. Family Families were affected by the trauma and exposure of the war, causing mental illnesses such as depression. Young children had been exposed to the trauma of war. A great deal of pressureRead MoreWorld War I And The War II1518 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II was a war that ended in much tragedy. There were over 60 million casualties. Throughout World War II there was how it started, the Nazi Regime, and some of the major battles. Much of the war was about the Germans bringing together a group of people called the Nazis. They were under the rule of Adolf Hitler. There were two groups fighting against each other: the Axis powers and the Allied powers. The Axis powers consisted of Japan, Italy, and Germany. The Allied powers were GreatRead MoreWar I And World War II1264 Words   |  6 Pages During any war, there will alwaAys be alliances made which stick even after the war has been dissolved. Postwar foreign policy after wars such as World War I and World War II was complicated and both had their similarities and differences from each other. World War I (WWI) strengthened our international relations with many countries, It also deteriorated some relations as well and set the stage for America becoming a great power. 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This paper is here to inform you of all of the propaganda used to persuade people to follow Hitler, the Nazi party, and Stalin, terms that were used during this time period, and some of the very important people involved in World War I and in World War II. In the heat of World War I there were two groups, the Allies and the Central PowersRead MoreThe War I And World War II911 Words   |  4 Pages There are many countries in the world that have a great history. Their antiquity benefited them in one way or another. One of these nations is France, which is known to have glorious events in the past. These events have made France the way it is now. For example, World War I, and World War II. However, these events were not the only thing that had a major role in France’s history some people are involved as well, such as Napoleon Bonaparte I and Louis Napoleon III. Those two men controlled FranceRead MoreThe War I And World War II881 Words   |  4 PagesCOMPARISONS The second half of the twentieth century was very troubled for many countries. Immediately after World War II, another war would start; the Cold War. Fortunately the Cold War was not near as bloody as World War I and World War II, but it was also harmful to multiple countries. At the time, Democracy and Communism were fighting against each other to be the most dominant ideology in the world and consequently the most influential one. Africa was colonized by many European countries and Democracy

A Letter to Morrie Shwartz Free Essays

It really started to dawn on me how lightly we take the time we have in our lives and how little we love and live to the fullest. I feel that your belief in â€Å"when we learn how to die, we learn how to live† was really enlightening and true. As I read your philosophies on death and aging, you really described aging as not something to be hated and feared, but something to be embraced. We will write a custom essay sample on A Letter to Morrie Shwartz or any similar topic only for you Order Now You thought of it as more knowledge and experience, and had no reason to be jealous of young people; why be jealous of a man who is 40 when you’ve already been there? This idea really changed my thoughts on aging. Another belief of yours that admired was the bird perched on your shoulder. Though it wasn’t your philosophy, it changed me a lot to try harder in life. I ask myself each day whether or not would be satisfied with dying at the end of the day. From this idea, thought of each time I sleep as me dying, but being reborn in the morning and starting the day anew. However, some days I’m just really unsatisfied, and that’s okay, but will always try my best to have a great day every day. When you had one of your early conversations catching up with Mitch after so many years, I found your outlook on people’s everyday lives to be very true. In the past few months, found myself very unsatisfied with how I was doing in school and keeping my body active. I had many unsatisfied days and nights, falling asleep unsure and anxious. During the day, I try my best to be alive and in the moment, and really being there, having my presence in the room in front of my peers. This idea really changed my thoughts on everyday fife and experiencing it fully. Yet another philosophy of yours that really moved me was your â€Å"detachment’ technique. Recently, I’ve taken a lot of blows to my pride, and have lost a lot of respect from others and myself. I just have a lot of self-pity. Some days, when I feel incredibly sad and helpless, I detach myself; experience, wash myself in all the negative emotions bothering me. Face these problems and emotions so that I can understand it, know it, and then let go. It really helps when I feel pretty low, and I’m sure it will help even more n the future, and thankful for that, Morris. Next pig) All in all, my idea Of the meaning Of life has changed so much. I have learned to live more, love more, and do more. It has changed me as a person, and really could never have had such a great learning experience. I’ve learned a lot about myself and the people around me; flaws, talents, interests, opinions, beliefs, the list goes on. A lot of the problems I’ve had have been sol ved thanks to your story, Morris. I am sincerely thankful for that, and your student Mitch, for sharing it with us. Sincerely yours, How to cite A Letter to Morrie Shwartz, Papers

Environmental Policy for Energy Systems- myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. What is Man? 2. What is Earth? 3. What is Nature? 4. Mans relationship with Nature? 5.Mans relationship with Earth? Answers: What is Man? BELIEF SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE Judaism According to the Judaism, a man is that person who works for the justice and morality and follow the rules which is set by the God. Christianity According to the Christianity belief system, a man refers to that person who follow Gods rules and has faith on the supreme mortal of Divinity. Islam According to the Islamic belief, a man is that perosn who is servant of God. He is the creation of the God. He possesses a soul which created by God (Santayana, 2014). Hinduism According to the Hinduism definition of man is only species which reach supreme truth which is not easily available. Confucianism According to the Confucianism, man is one who helps the other person and work with morals which set by the God. Buddhism According to the Buddhism, a man is that person who has five aggregates namely material, feeling and knowing, mental disposition and consciousness. So man is nothing but the composition of soul and body. Atheism In the Atheism the man is that person who is most the intelligent creature of earth but they do not believe in God. Other In another belief system the such as Jainism and different belief system man is the finest creation of God which helps the other people and spread the love in the entire world. What is Earth? BELIEF SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE Judaism According to the Judaism, the aim of the earth is to provide a place where the entire human can spend life and it becomes the source for their survival. Christianity According to the Christianity, earth means that place which created the God using different elements and it which eventually becomes a great source of the humans life. Islam According to the Islamic belief, the earth is that place which created by the mercy of God. It was created maintained the life of human and helps to the people for development of life Hinduism According to the Hindu religion, the earth is that place which was created by the Braham for the development of the human kind. It includes different elements such as water, soul air etc. for the fulfillment of personal needs of man. Confucianism According to the Confucianism, the earth is a foundation for the life and humankind. It becomes a supreme source for all humankind in order to fulfill needs of human and all other creature. Buddhism According to the Buddhism the meaning of the earth which consists different elements such as heels, hungry ghosts, animal and human (Orsi, 2013). Atheism In the Atheism the earth is the place where all humanity is living and completing life cycles. Other In the other religion, the concept of the earth is that where all individual can live and also follow the footsteps of God. The earth includes different elements such as water, fire, air so the human can live on earth. What is Nature? BELIEF SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE Judaism According to the Judaism, nature is created by the god for the fulfill the needs of human and the requirements of future generations. Christianity The view on the Christianity on nature is that it was created by the god for the human being and its surviving so it is our duty to take care of it. Islam According to the Islam, nature is the main source for human life (Santoyo-Castelazo and Azapagic, 2014). The entire human is made by nature so they need to give devotion to the natural environment. Hinduism According to the Hinduism is nature is referred, which consist different types of elements through which the life of human runs, nature includes water, herbs, and vegetation. So the human need to take care of it. Confucianism The Confucianism belief, nature is a source for the fulfilling basic needs of men. Buddhism Buddhism give stress that all human and animals are part of nature. It is sourced through which a man complete their cycles on earth. Atheism According to the Atheism, nature is the only source for surviving of human life. Through this, the human and animals receive foods and other things. Other In the other belief system are also based on describes the nature of the source and survive for human lifes and they believe to make protection of it. Mans relationship with Nature? BELIEF SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE Judaism According to the Judaism, the relationship between the man and nature are based on dual aspects. The purpose of creating nature is fulfilling human demands, on the other hand, the humans also need to protect the nature. Christianity According to the Christianity mans relationship with a human is totally based on Creation and fostering of human life. Islam According to the Islam Mans relationship is based on persistence and both are integrated part for each other. Hinduism In the Hindu, nature and mans relationship is an uncontaminated relationship (Cox, 2016). Through nature, human receive their surviving element and man need to worship nature for provide all essential elements of life. Confucianism According to the Confucianism, the relation of man and nature is based on the holistic development of human. Through nature, human develops and receive harmonious in their life. Buddhism According to the Buddhism, the man and nature are closely related to each other. With the help of nature, human survival. Atheism According to the Atheism mans relationship with nature based on the preservation of life and fulfilling the demand of each other. Other In the other regional the mans relationship with nature is expressed as a pure relationship. By limiting the use of natural resources and receive all things for human development. The human can worship the god. Mans relationship with Earth? BELIEF SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE Judaism According to the Judaism, the earth is a prime source for the human. So the relationship in between man and earth based on plants and animals are food for the humans. Christianity In the Christianity, the gods create earth so man becomes supreme domination on earth. The purposes of the earth are the development of human and assist in man's becoming immortal. Islam According to the Islam god created the earth for the preservation of human life and on other hand men also need to protect the earth. Thus, the relationship in between man and earth based on the preserve of each other. Hinduism In the Hindu Mans relationship with Earth based on human progression for their enteral life. Confucianism According to the Confucianism the relationship in between man and earth based on the way for heaven. Human follows the way of earth and earth follows the way of heaven (Spash, 2015). Buddhism In the Buddhism the relationship in between the man and earth based on the end of the life cycle while on the earth it is based on human birth and death. So the earth helps the man for completing this life cycles Atheism In atheism, they believe on the logical perspective according to them man relationship is based on fulfilling the demand for their own purpose. Other According to the other Evaluation of earth based on promoting and following steps of god. So the man needs to proceed the earth. References Cox, H., 2016. God's revolution and man's responsibility. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Orsi, R.A., 2013. Between heaven and earth: The religious worlds people make and the scholars who study them. Princeton University Press. Rook, G.A., 2013. Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(46), pp.18360-18367. Santayana, G., 2014. The Life of Reason Or The Phases of Human Progress: Reason in Religion, Volume VII, Book Three (Vol. 7). Mit Press. Santoyo-Castelazo, E. and Azapagic, A., 2014. Sustainability assessment of energy systems: integrating environmental, economic and social aspects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 80, pp.119-138. Spash, C.L., 2015. The dying planet index: life, death and man's domination of nature. Environmental Values, 24(1), pp.1-8

Barbie Doll Poem Essays

Barbie Doll Poem Essays Barbie Doll Poem Paper Barbie Doll Poem Paper English 1B 7 November 2011 Never Enough, Never Perfect, Never Happy Society tells us what we should be, who we should be, what we should look and act like and what is perfect. Too many women try to fit this ideal of what we should be based on media and society in an imperfect world. Marge Piercy is criticizing this in her poem â€Å"Barbie doll†. The poem shows how ridiculous it is the way we try to conform to what society’s ideals are for the perfect woman. And presented dolls that did pee-pee/ miniature GE stoves and irons/ and wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy† (2-4). These are all traditional toys for girls but also things that have an influence on a girls identity and essentially put them in their place for their future roles in life. The dolls body image is what to look up to and a role model of sorts for how it is expected you should look to be pretty. The â€Å"GE stoves and irons† (3) show what kinds of things they wil l be expected to do when they grow up. The lipstick shows sexuality and that appearance is the most important of all. â€Å"Then in the magic of puberty, a classmate said:/ you have a great big nose and fat legs† (5-6). Puberty not only emphasizes the growing up and into a different stage in life because a girl starts her period but also when life can start to be more difficult because this is when kids start to be more mean and more critical of each other. The classmate criticizing her appearance starts a downward spiral into her endless struggle for perfection. â€Å"She went to and fro apologizing. Everyone saw a fat nose on thick legs† (10-11) shows how she repeatedly we try to gain others approvals and change things to make people happy and when we don’t we apologize for our imperfections. We have such a skewed view at this point that we think it is our fault and that we need to try harder if others don’t see us as the ideal woman in our society. We start to let others perceptions define w ho we are and skew our self-image into something grotesque. â€Å"She was advised†¦/exercise, diet, smile and wheedle† (12, 14) Piercy describes how society tells us what we must do to have others like us and to become the ideal. We must obey, shut up, and have the perfect body image or nobody will love us and we mustn’t love ourselves the way we are we must be continually trying to be someone we aren’t but someone everyone else thinks we should be. â€Å"Doesn’t she look pretty? everyone said. / To every woman a happy ending† (23, 25). These last few lines I think are the most important. You can hear them dripping with sarcasm and irony that only have she has killed herself and destroyed who she is by taking away what others deem to be imperfect is she finally accepted but at what cost? The reality is that it will never be enough no matter what we do because there will always be people who don’t like the way we are and demand that we change if we want to be accepted and so we will keep on trying and trying until there is nothing left of ourselves. We behave based on how others perceive us and we take offense and try to change ourselves when others put us down and try to tell us we aren’t who society says we should be. Marge Pierce describes in her poem how our struggle to conform to society and media can make us self destruct and harm ourselves in that endless pursuit. Stereotypical gender roles in our society dissolve our self-confidence and destroy our self-image. She ironically uses a Barbie doll to describe this as a Barbie is made to look perfect and made to look exactly like what we believe is the ideal for our society in the time that our society is in. The Barbie doll is idealized as a blonde who is attractive but dull, who doesn’t speak up and who knows little other than what she is told to do. Unfortunately, this is not a realistic image for girls today but it is exactly what they are being told is an acceptable role model.

Cannibalism essays

Cannibalism essays It is amazing how cannibalism is hardly accepted as an aspect that could have occurred in past and present cultures. I consider cannibalism as interesting and am intrigued by the idea of why it would occur. Though I do not believe cannibalism is a proper way of life, I do believe that, under certain circumstances, reasons as to why cannibalism occurs could make it more widely accepted, such as starvation. A proper example would be the Donner Party. (Diamond 2000) However, Jeffrey Dahmer would be a great example of the complete opposite, and it is because of him, cannibalism has a bad reputation and could give a culture extreme humiliation and a crude slur on their ancestors.(Preston 1998: 79) When the great Southwestern civilization was recognized, the Anasazi were suggested to be peaceful farmers with amazing art and architecture. In the center of this civilization was Chaco, a structure that possibly could have been up to four stories high and was made of stone. It was also named the Great House. Connected to Chaco was many arrow-straight lines (roads) that led out to other sites. These people are accepted to having no rule or class, there was no rich or poor, but that they lived in harmony with nature and were profoundly spiritual. (Preston 1998) So why would such a phenomenon In 1967, Christy Turner II was looking at teeth of the Anasazi, trying to find a trait known as the three-rooted first molar. Looking in a box that contained Anasazi remains, he realized that these remains looked exactly like food trash...reminded him of broken and burned animal bones that he had found in prehistoric Anasazi garbage mounds. (Preston 1998: 78) He came to the conclusion that violence was the reason behind the many broken fragments of bones. Turners findings was titled A Massacre at Hopi, which, according to Turner, was mostly targeted to women and...

Nature in contemporary art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nature in contemporary art - Essay Example The essay "Nature in contemporary art" discusses the concepts and representations of nature in contemporary art. In situations where the form of the earth as life's foundation is laid onto nature, it personalizes truth and validity endangered by technology. As a result, many philosophers have incorporated this firm earthly groundwork as a signal of the roots with which the individual continuously seems to demand. When a polemical analysis was made by Heidegger (already a classic) of the shoes painted by Van Gogh, he was focused to the path below the shoes worn. This is because he thought, the path was taken by a peasant woman in relation to the actual shoes. This translated to the fact that it was a trail of compressed earth, of steadiness with solidity, a path which was not misleading or artificial. A representation of nature exists from where once changes it to a situation where one â€Å"shapes† it. As a result, nature exists as the "raw material" for the land art. This is as illustrated in the works of Richard Long, Walter De Maria, and Robert Smithson. In Smithson's work titled â€Å"Spiral Jetty," nature, the world, the lake and the gravels coupled with the sky are the fashioned material. This can be explained by the fact that it is as if man wanted to channel himself against nature. This circumstances resulted to a change thus realize a beautifulness that appears to be renounced to him in daily life. When Walter De Maria made his â€Å"Lightning Field† statue in the desert, he appeared to be convincing nature. to act in a given way.8 He fails to take an inactive attitude in the company of the elements, resulting to failure to signify. This is because he slightly seeks to feel what is ordinary and lively in them and to make an artistic experience of it. It is important to note that the â€Å"land art† of the 1960s and 1970s seemed to make a new attempt to come to an understanding with nature in a way similar to or at least associated with the approach of prehistoric artists.9 Artistic obligation does not always go the way of the outstanding. Smithson's quay, Long's lines and circles pegged with De Maria's lightning are considerable to the individual expecting them. Turrell's spaces appear to be homes for anybody encircled in them.10 Furthermore, they appear as vantage areas from which one might effectively take ownership of the sky. On the contrary, the wax and coal dust utilized by Eva Lootz, or Adolfo Schlosser's rod branches and skins, are natural and forms the "raw material" for their creative activity.11 As a result, they give a convinced and minimal measure of nature. For example, the breeze that sets in motion a Calder mobile, the paraffin, coal dust or wax lightly gathering on the object or on a flat surface, and the tautness of the frail determined branch constructed into one of Schlosser's pieces.12 It was noted that, in the work of all these artists in the example stated above, apart from underlining itself by its glory and seriousness, nature announces its self-effacing delicateness. With the lapse of time, the relationship between art and nature has determined creative art. This is because the beginning of nature entertained by the numerous human communities strengthened or altered this relationship. Primitive man utilized the natural elements, whereas the romantics fanatically desired to capture a nature that escaped their grasp. Friedrich's traveler staring from patronizing

Distributed Electrical Generation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 22500 words

Distributed Electrical Generation - Essay Example Cost and price of electricity has been taken as the moderating factor. Thus all of the independent factors will be considered in accordance with the cost and price of electricity. The black out of electricity in the northeastern parts of USA have been studied in great detail and has been taken as an example of which to base the blackout portion of the study. A questionnaire has been developed in this regard and face-to-face interviews have been conducted in order to gather primary data. The aim of this study is to define how electricity can be generated and distributed with regards to each of the independent factors mentioned. The aim of this research is to study in detail the system of electricity distribution in the United States. Blackouts are a problem that modern day American will have to contend with on a regular basis, unless the system of electricity distribution is reformed and enhanced. As more and more of our lives revolve around electricity, a modern and newer system of distribution is required. Otherwise an overload on the electrical system will result in a black out such as that occurred on16th August (a detailed analysis and description of the blackout has been given in the literature review portion of the report). In addition, the concept of privatization in the utility business has also been taken as an independent variable and has been thoroughly studied in the report. As long as an institute is a state owned enterprise, it is not likely to prosper. One of the main reasons is that governments operate on a basis of cost efficiency; their main aim is to provide a service to the general population by charging the consumers the minimum amount of money possible. Due to this factor, it is difficult for governments to buy state-of-the-art equipments in order to update

Market Entry Strategies for a Fast Food Company Essay

Market Entry Strategies for a Fast Food Company - Essay Example However, studies shows that the importance of taking into consideration the context of market entry constituted by the host countries’ institutions. The institutional context involves both informal institutions such as norms and culture and formal institutions such as laws and regulations. Collectively these institutions formulate the â€Å"rules of the game† in society, thereby constraining and enabling firm behavior and foreign market entry strategies. However, entry to a foreign market comes at a cost due to challenges posed by the institutional contexts of emerging market, which are often less familiar to developed country firms, weaker and less market-supporting and less stable. The four most common modes of foreign market entry are licensing/franchising, exporting, and joint venture and Greenfield acquisitions. Therefore, this paper will analyze McDonald’s market expansion for its products in the emerging market of China. The paper will consist of two secti ons: the first section will be a market analysis of China and the second section will be an exploration of potential market entry strategies by McDonalds. Market AnalysisGeneral InformationThe People’s Republic of China has a total land area of approximately 9,596,960 square kilometers. It is considered the third largest country in the world after Russia and Canada. It has a coastline of approximately 14,500 kilometers. China is situated in eastern Asia to the West of Yellow Sea, Korea Bay, East China Sea, and South China Sea.

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay The wing design of a Micro Air Vehicle is to be designed to aid in the assessment of earthquake damage. The MAV is required only to be powered by an electrical motor, limiting flight time and endurance/range, and must be able to fly to the scene quickly and efficiently. Therefore, the analysis of the wing structure is two-fold: 1) having an efficient wing design for cruise (faster) flight and 2) having an effective loiter (slower flight) wing design. The main methodology in ensuring the optimal wing structure would be to design two aerofoils with an actuator which will morph the wing dependant on the different requirements. The software package DESFOIL, on the University of Sheffield intranet, is considered a friendlier user interface for the original XFOIL package created by MIT Professor Mark Drela to aid in the understanding of low speed aerofoil flow solution. However, since XFOIL contains a less than friendly interface, DESFOIL, a MATLAB based software, creates a friendlier user interface, enabling aerofoil analysis to be more easily understood. NACA Aerofoils Since NACA aerofoils will be the predominant choice in attaining the aerofoils for our MAV, this section will concentrate on providing a breakdown on the key aspects of such aerofoils. The 4 digits associated with the NACA aerofoil provide information as to the physical structure of the aerofoil. The four digits are broken up as such The first number offers information about the maximum camber as a percentage of the chord length. The second digit provides information as to the position of this maximum camber as a function of the overall chord length (in tens of units) The final two digits provide information on the maximum thickness of the aerofoil as a percentage of the overall chord length, as a percentage. Thus, it can easily be seen that the chord length is pivotal in determining the correct NACA aerofoils. Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre Other important aerofoil characteristics are the centre of pressure and aerodynamic centre. If we consider them individually, we can attain a clearer picture of their importance. Starting with the centre of pressure, it is known that the positioning of this point changes with lift, namely it moves towards the leading edge as lift increases. However, using this same theory, it can be understood that this centre of pressure can move outside of the aerofoil geometry. More specifically, at low levels of lift generation, the pressure centre can be behind the aerofoil. Such a parameter is important to understand since it allows for trimming of the potential aircraft on which the aerofoil will be mounted. The centre of pressure can be calculated using calculus provided a pressure distribution is understood. Since we are dealing with a distribution, the length of the chord becomes increasingly important and it is normal to talk about the pressure as a function of chord length, generally starting with the leading edge. The aerodynamic centre contains a more direct link with the stability of the aircraft/aerofoil. The aerodynamic centre is the point on the aerofoil where the pitching moment of the aerofoil is independant of the angle of incidence. Understanding of this point is crucial due to its large contribution to the balancing and therefore stability of the aerofoil/ aircraft. Since the majority of aerofoils which will be considered within this journal are cambered, it is interesting to note that the aerodynamic centre is approximately situated at a point  ¼ of the chord length. Drag When considering drag, the main thought is of a retarding force to motion in a certain direction. The relationship is simple; the greater the drag (retarding) force, the greater impedance on motion. From an aerofoil design point of view, we wish for such force to be as minimal as possible since a lower retarding force allows faster speeds (longer endurance and/ or range) and more efficient flight. To understand more about drag, we need to understand more about the different components of the force. If we can understand the forces main constituent parts, this may help us lower the drag our aerofoil experiences. The drag force can be broken up into several different components. Some of these are Parasitic drag Lift induced drag As we will later calculate, the lift our aerofoil produces will vary depending upon which flight attitude regime we are in i.e. loiter or cruise, and thus the drag each regime experiences will vary. Since this is important in understanding how the aerofoil will react to regime changes, the lift induced drag will be looked at more closely within this analysis. The concept of parasitic drag is broken into many different parts. Such constituent parts include skin friction and pressure drag. The concept of skin friction comes about due to the interaction of fluid molecules contacting the surface of the aerofoil, bringing local wall shear stresses into consideration. It can thus be seen that the faster the motion of molecules past the aerofoil, the larger wall shear stress. The skin friction coefficient shares an inverse parabolic relationship with the speed of the aircraft The contribution from pressure drag will be considered in terms of flow separation points further into this report. Such drag will take precedence in the analysis of drag within this report since it provides a more rigorous depiction of the drag at different angles of attack and different DESFOIL accuracy parameters (panel number). Since DESFOIL offers only this type of drag, it will be assumed that this pressure drag is the overall coefficient of drag, when discussing analysis of graphical data. This is a reasonable assumption since the drag values and pressure distributions compliment each other. Furthermore, since we will later consider the 3D effects of the aerofoil, it is important to note that there will be different drag factors which will increase the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil. A major form of drag which the aerofoil will experience while in flight is the vortex drag, more specifically the drag due to the mismatch of pressure along the upper and lower surfaces of the aerofoil. More specifically, this drag arises due to an overspill of high pressure on the lower surface of the aerofoil to the upper surface, which is abundant in low pressure areas. Thus as the aerofoil moves through the fluid, in our case air, this overspill will manifest itself into tip vortex, increasing the drag experience by the aerofoil. Thus, although only drag will be termed in this journal, there may be separate underlying factors involved. 3D and 2D Calculations Although DESFOIL is only applicable to 2D aerofoils, adjustments can be made such that the results from DESFOIL can be used within 3D situations. Since we are designing an actual aerofoil, such considerations need to be taken into account, and are during the later parts of this journal. The importance of using such a program lays in its simulation of the aerodynamics the aerofoil experiences. Therefore, using such a program allows the possibility to determine what coefficient of lift (or, 2D and 3D analysis respectively) and coefficients of drag, subscriptd, or D accordingly, are needed for optimal flight. As we will determine in this report, optimal coefficients will be calculated and a wing structure designed accordingly. Design Brief The following reading is an analysis of the software package DESFOIL on the suitability of difference NACA 4 digit aerofoils on an MAV of certain design specifications. These include Cruise Speed, = 15 Loiter Speed, = 8 Wing Area, S = 0.13 We will assume a rectangular planform for our aerofoil. Furthermore, we will assume the aerofoil as the main form of lift, i.e. neglecting fuselage, tail plane or rudder lift generation Wing Characteristic/ Structure Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force that a surface produces in the presence of a perpendicular velocity vector. Since lift is defined as a force, , we can assume that lift is some function of the density of the medium it is produced within, , the size of the object producing such a force, , and the before mentioned velocity, Therefore, (1) Where x, y and z are unknown parameters defining the relationship outlined in the equation. Through dimensional analysis we can deduce the values of such unknowns. (2) (3) In terms of lift forces, the constant of proportionality is termed the coefficient of lift, deriving the lift equation (4) It is also possible to consider a more rigorous analysis of the coefficient of lift taking into account symmetrical and cambered aerofoils, which yield and respectively. However, such equations only apply to thin aerofoils and since the thicknesses of the aerofoils are unknown in this assignment, the generic formulae will be used. Similarly, derivation of the drag forces can yield an equivalent drag version of equation (4). (5) To deduce our optimal lift coefficient, we will assume the lift generated will equal the weight of the aircraft, a reasonable assumption when considering straight and level (cruise) flight and the loiter regime. Therefore, the lift coefficients can be calculated for the respective flight conditions (6) Equation (6) yields a cruise coefficient of lift of 0.285, while similar analysis for loiter conditions yields a lift coefficient, of 1. Since we are initially more concerned with the wing aerodynamics with respect to wing structure (aspect ratio), we will consider the induced drag, , whereby, (7) Where e is the Oswald efficiency of the aerofoil, a correctional factor added since the wing shape differs from the elliptical wing used for the derivation, and A is the aspect ratio, calculated by the length to width ratio. To select the best aspect ratio for our aerofoil, the induced drag variation with aspect ratio changes is shown in Figure 1. It can easily been seen from Figure 1 that an aspect ratio of 5 would be acceptable since there is negligible variation in terms of the two dimensionless concepts. However, if we consider this in terms of the actual MAV, an aspect ratio of 5 would yield a span of 0.8m and a chord length of 0.16m. Evidently, while this is the longest and thinnest allowed in this particular investigation, possible structural problems may occur. However, if we consider the capabilities of the aircraft, there are advantages too. As Figure 1 has shown the induced drag in flight would be decreased, enabling better endurance and longer range. The structural instability could be overcome by careful selection of materials and designing of the structure. Thus, although problems may arise from such an aspect ratio, these problems can be overcome and do have their own advantages. Such data allows calculation of cruise and loiter Reynolds number and Mach number to be calculated. Figure 1: Induced Drag and Aspect Ratio relationship (8) (9) Similarly, and. Panel Number Since DESFOIL is the primary tool in determining which aerofoil will be used and its aerodynamic characteristics known, it would be wise to research the capabilities of the software and which system (panel number) to use to ensure the results obtained are of relevant accuracy. Another important aspect of using DESFOIL is the time taken for results to be determined. This will be analysed next. If we consider the effects of panel number on the lift, drag and pressure distribution respectively, we can clearly see a relationship shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Considering an angle of incidence of 10 degrees, it is evident to see that the most accurate results come about with the higher panel numbers. Since the maximum panel number within DESFOIL is 280, it would seem this would be the optimal choice. However, upon closer analysis, it is the time taken for such accurate results to come back from the software, which is of greater importance. For example, a panel number of 280 will provide the most accurate answer, but also take the longest to deduce. Therefore, if we consider the (negligible) variation of values, we can deduce that a panel number of 180 is significantly lower, thus, allowing quicker results, but still retains a high level of accuracy. For example, for the lift coefficient, 180 yields 1.0012, while 280 yields 1.0028. Thus the accuracy difference is negligible. Figure 2: Variation of Lift with different panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Figure 3: Variation of Drag with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil When analysing the pressure distribution, fewer panel numbers were considered, since the graphical representation would have become severely hard to differentiate between the different graphs. On the other hand, the before mentioned negligible differences is perhaps clearer in Figure 4. With the panel number at 280, the pressure distribution is most smooth, allowing finer details to be seen, which would otherwise be lost in lower panel numbers. Thus, a panel number of 180, the lowest without losing significant accuracy, is optimal. Figure 4: Variation of Pressure Distribution with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Reynolds/ Mach number So far, we have considered only the cruise aspect of the MAV. Since the aircraft will experience loitering stages also, analysis must be considered into different Reynolds and Mach numbers. Both of these are necessary in understanding the aerodynamics of the aerofoil since they both alter the way in which the aerofoil will react to airflow. For example, consideration of transition points, the onset of turbulent flow, boundary layer thickness and laminar flow needs to be understood to optimise the aerofoil design. Therefore, changes in the behaviour of the aerofoil/ airflow must be modelled and simulated within DESFOIL. For further understanding of such phenomenon, XFOIL will be used to pictorially show the effects of Reynolds number and Mach number on boundary layer, amongst other sets of information. More specifically, larger Reynolds and Mach numbers will be taken into consideration to visualise compressibility effects. To observe such results, i.e. how changes in density with regards to the pressure distribution, comparisons will be made to show how the compressibility effects (large Reynolds/ Mach number values) alter the characteristics/ performance of the aerofoil. An angle of attack of 10 degrees was considered when undertaking the computations in all examples. Incompressibility/ Compressibility Effects Figures 5 and 6 visually show the variation of the boundary layer with a high Reynolds and Mach number. If we consider Figure 5, we can see the specific values of coefficients of lift, drag and pitching moment at the angle of attack mentioned before. Another helpful mode shown within Figure 5 is the description of the change in boundary layer over the length of the chord of the aerofoil. This pictoral view shows the general formation of turbulent flow from laminar flow. As will be seen later in the report, there is a relationship between the boundary layer thickness and the Reynolds number. This relationship is important to note since a thinner laminar boundary layer ensure lower drag. Again, this concept will be further investigated later. Figure 5: XFOIL graph showing pressure distribution along aerofoil Figure 6: XFOIL graph showing variation of other aerofoil characteristics Reynolds Number Mach Number Cl Cd lift/drag 1000000 0.4 1.083 0.01965 55.13 169412 0.04 1.0266 0.03469 29.59 90353 0.024 0.9415 0.05289 17.8 Figure 7: How lift and drag vary with different Reynolds and Mach numbers From Figure 7, we can see the direct impact the differing Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers have on the generation of lift and drag. Quite clearly, as the Reynolds/ Mach number decreases, so does the coefficient of lift, and thus lift generated. Also of significant importance is the increase in drag with decreasing Reynolds/Mach number. Due to these variations, the lift to drag ratio also decreases. However, it is important to note that the results are non-linear. This non-linearity can be explained from the transition from incompressible flow to flow whose density changes with respect to the pressure distribution. Thus, such characteristics cannot be extrapolated or calculated; they must be experimentally defined, or computationally simulated, since consideration of compressibility effects adds complexity to calculations. Boundary Layer Analysis Although there is little difference between the values of lift coefficients (in the first two examples), there seems to be a drastic difference between the lift: drag ratios. Since the coefficients of lift are similar, varying by less than a magnitude of value, the only possible change must come from the drag experienced on the aerofoil. Experimental data, treating the aerofoil as a flat plate, shows that as the Reynolds number increases, the boundary layer thickness decreases, shown in Equation (10). (10) Thus, a decrease in the Reynolds number causes a larger boundary layer around the aerofoil, which in turn causes a greater disturbance to the free stream air. Since the boundary layer cannot handle a large adverse pressure gradient without separation, the higher values of Reynolds number cause separation earlier, even though they have thinner, boundary layers. This is due to greater adverse pressure gradients which are responsible for the larger values of lift coefficients attained. The separated flow causes larger amounts of drag, which is obviously undesirable, since the flow is no longer uniform along the chord. Once the pressure gradient exceeds a critical point, the boundary layer will separate from the aerofoil, therefore reducing the magnitude of the pressure gradient, reducing lift generation. Therefore, the lift: drag ratio decreases as drag will increase upon separation. The drag experienced at higher Reynolds numbers is still considerably smaller than the drag experienced at lower Reynolds numbers due to the thickness of the boundary layer. Although separation of the flow is a factor with regards to drag, the boundary layer thickness, as seen in Figure (7) using Equation (10), is a larger factor. Since this separation point (transition from laminar to turbulent flow) is an area of interest with regards to the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil, Figure 8 shows the movement of such a point with regards to the Reynolds number. The black lines only show the separation points on the upper surface of the aerofoil since this is the surface of most interest. Figure 8: Transition point. 1) Re=1000000, M=0.4 2) Re=169412, M=0.04 3) Re=90353, M=0.024 At this point it is important to note that the DESFOIL parameters were changed to ensure a completely accurate result from the simulation. To ensure the accuracy was maximised, the transition detection was 100% the length of the chord, and not simply the default 20%. This allowed DESFOIL to look throughout the whole length of the chord for the transition/ separation point as opposed to the default 20%. As we can see, for the same angle of attack, the higher Reynolds/ Mach numbers cause the separation point to be significantly closer to the leading edge. Similar XFOIL graphs were constructed as that in Figure 6 for the other Reynolds/ Mach numbers. From Figure 6, we can see that at an angle of attack of 0 degrees, there is a separation point at 0.637, i.e. 63.7% away from the leading edge as a function of the chord length. When the Reynolds number is 169412, this separation point is 91% as a function of the chord length, while the loiter Reynolds number remains laminar at 0 degrees angle of attack. Geometries If we consider other three dimensional geometries with respect to the drag each produces, we can understand why an aerofoil is an optimal shape in terms of reducing drag. Figure 9: Drag values for various 3D geometries If we consider streamlining any given shape, we can possibly reduce the amount of drag experienced, as shown in Figure 9, by an order of magnitude. For example, if we consider the sphere, hemisphere and teardrop shapes, although all have the same frontal geometry, it is the streamlining of the teardrop which contributes most to a significant reduce in drag, due to the prolonged attachment of the airflow. Since the airflow after the sphere/hemisphere is suddenly separated (due to the non gradual geometry behind the shape), there is a significant amount of drag experienced. This is why Figure 5 depicts such a prolonged attachment of the airflow, only becoming separated towards the trailing edge of aerofoil. To further reinforce the advantageous effects of streamlining, Figure 10 shows the geometrical differences which can be obtained with intelligent streamlining. Figure 10: Two different geometries with the same aerodynamic drag force Lower Aerofoil Surface Another important feature found from graphs similar to Figure 5 highlights the relationship between the angle of attack, Reynolds/ Mach number and flow over the lower wing section. It was found that at lower Reynolds numbers, the flow is relatively laminar across the length of the chord length. This makes sense at high angles of attack since the underside of the aerofoil has a larger wetted area. Possible further investigation and research may lie in determining the flow over the lower surface of the aerofoil in negative angles of attack. Perhaps such an investigation will help understand the landing/ descending section of a flight path. It may be interesting to learn whether separation points play such a major role on the lower surface as they do on the upper surface, in terms of lift and drag. Such understanding can provide insight into painting a complete picture of the airflow surrounding a wing. Furthermore, since a NACA0012 aerofoil was considered giving all the results mentioned previously, changes in airflow with varying NACA aerofoils could help determine a more complex relationship. For example, as thickness, camber and camber position change, how does the transition point vary on the underside of the aerofoil? Such variations are made within the next section with regards to the overall lift and drag. However pressure variations could be conducted in a similar fashion. Designing using DESFOIL Since DESFOIL allows the user to design, test and evaluate their own chosen design (one of the many reasons it was chosen for undertaking of this particular investigation), it is important to understand how the different parameters affect the aerofoil characteristics. From this, we can deduce what the optimal aerofoil for our application could be. Furthermore, it allows for reinforcement of aerodynamic theory into the reaction of airflow over changing geometries of aerofoils. This could be seen as a measurement of DESFOILs accuracy in its simulations. If its simulation results were to vary from known aerodynamics, then the softwares validity would be questionable. Throughout the analysis, therefore, the aerodynamic theory will be called upon to explain the results given from DESFOIL. Since the software allows for three different design features, it was deemed necessary, to gain a full understanding, to adjust and examine one parameter at a time and comment on the results obtained. Since different values of lift were optimal for the different stages within our flight path, both the cruise and loiter conditions were looked at. From the template aerofoil NACA0012, the thickness was the first parameter to be changed. Figures 11 and 12 below graphically shows the variation in lift and drag over the four different aerofoil thicknesss chosen. Cruise Conditions Figure 11: Lift variation with different NACA aerofoils thicknesses Figure 12: Drag variation with varying thicknesses Firstly, the cruise conditions will be investigated. As we can see from the figures above, the thickness of the aerofoil plays an important role in determining such characteristics as stall angle and maximum coefficient of lift. If we consider both graphs simultaneously, we can deduce the thicker the aerofoil, the greater the values of lift can be obtained. This is shown with the increase in coefficient of lift values from 12% thickness to 15-21% thickness. This is down to the curvature of the aerofoil being the main form of lift generation, i.e. the more curved (thicker in this instance since camber position is constant) the aerofoil, the larger amounts of lift generated, within limits. Also, nose shape effects help the generation of high lift coefficients. Furthermore, it is important to note that the thinner aerofoil has also stalled significantly harder than the thicker aerofoils. Since stalling is undesirable, perhaps thicker aerofoils would be best for use in the chosen aerofoil. Concentrating on the graphs from a drag point of few, we can again see that thinner aerofoils are undesirable due to the drag they produce/ experience. The sharp rise in drag experienced by the thinner NACA0012 aerofoil is complimentary of the stall it experienced at an angle of attack of 13. Furthermore, it is important to note that there are slight variations in the small angle of attack region with respect to lift and negligible difference in the corresponding drag section. Since a definitive relationship was deduced from the thickness investigation, it was reasonable to continue the designing experiments. Next, the camber thickness was investigated. Figure 13: Lift variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses Figure 14: Drag variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses From the above figures, certain relationships can be deduced between the camber thickness and the effect such parameters have on the lift and drag experienced on the aerofoil. Firstly, lets consider the adverse effects on the lift and drag, shown here by the NACA-2012, whereby the -2 denotes a negative camber. From Figure 13, we can see a significantly lower lift attained flight with an earlier stall, which compliments Figure 14, whereby the drag significantly increases due to the separated flow resulting from the stall. For the other three aerofoils shown, the aerodynamic drag force experienced by each has negligible difference, since all follow the same shape. The differences can more obviously be seen through analysis of Figure 13. Here, we can see the larger the camber, the greater values of lift can be obtained. However, it is important to note that only the NACA4012 aerofoil does not experience a stall. On the other hand, the other two positive aerofoils, while although experiencing a stall, do not stall extremely harshly, and so a stall of this kind, while although not optimal, can be considered negligible in terms of lift generated. The camber position was investigated next Figure 15: Lift variation with angle of attack under different camber positions Figure 16: Drag variation with angle of attack under different camber positions As we can see from the above two figures, the effect of camber position is not as drastic as the other previous analysed parameters. From Figure 15, we can see the highest lift is attained by the NACA4212 aerofoil, although all the aerofoils have the same similar low angle of attack lift generation. It is only towards angles of attack greater than 7 where there is greatest deviation. On the other hand, it can also be seen that the NACA4212 aerofoil, while giving the highest lift value, also stalls. As mentioned before, this is undesirable. From a drag perspective, the NACA4212 aerofoil performs best towards larger angles of attack however performs worst at low angles of attack. Depending on where the greatest emphasis needs to be placed upon the cruise aerofoil conditions, this may be an important factor. Chosen Cruise Aerofoil Since we have analysed the effects of the three different parameters within DESFOIL, we can now evaluate what lift and drag characteristics we want from our chosen aerofoil. Since the actual aerofoil will be 3D, we need to take into consideration 3D effects. For this instance, we are going to assume the 3D coefficient of lift is 90% of the 2D coefficient of lift, namely, (11) One reason there is a decrease in the change from two dimensional to three dimensional bodies is the appearance of an extra plane, i.e. the z plane. Thus, the lift generation needs to distribute the lift over three planes instead of two. Thus resulting in less lift overall. Therefore, we can calculate a coefficient of lift of 0.3167 to be found using DESFOIL. Taking what was found from the above investigation, various NACA aerofoils were tested. The final aerofoil chosen was the NACA2615 aerofoil for reasons clearly shown using Figure 17. Figure 17: NACA2615 aerofoil characteristics From this figure, we can see the optimal design characteristics we want from our cruise aerofoil. These characteristics include a significantly low drag, as compared to the lift generated, which can be seen as a direct result of no stall being present. Furthermore, if we consider the lift we wanted to generate, namely 0.3167, we can see this aerofoil manages to attain such lift at a low angle of attack, something we want from our aerofoil since the quicker the optimal lift can be generated, the quicker the aerofoil will start behaving to optimise its performance. Since this optimal lift is generated at an angle between 1 and 2, the lift: drag ratio was calculated for these two angles. They are 17 and 39 respectively. These high values show the positive performance of our aerofoil in the cruise condition. Loiter Condition As we can see from the previous section, a detailed investigation and analysis was undertaken to establish the best NACA aerofoil for our cruise purposes. If we now go on to consider the loiter condition, there are certain parameters which need to be considered, namely the 2D lift we wish to aim for, at the lowest angle of attack, to find the optimal aerofoil. As shown in the previous section, the thickness, camber and camber position were all varied individually and the resulting effect on the lift and drag analysed. Using Equation 11, we can calculate the required lift (needed to be found in DESFOIL) as 1.11. Firstly, the thickness was adjusted. It was found, just like the cruise condition investigation that an increase in thickness resulted in higher levels of lift being attained. However it was also found that the aerofoils under loiter conditions tend to stall, regardless of thickness. However, the greater the thickness the higher angle of stall. Since all aerofoils tested stalled, the drag associated with each was indicative of this phenomenon. It is also important to note that the aerofoils tested were the NACA0010, NACA0012, NACA0018 and NACA0021. Considering the position of maximum camber next, it was found that the NACA4212 aerofoil stalled significantly earlier than the NACA4012, NA

Ethnography :: Ethnography Reflexivity Anthropology Essays

Ethnography Works Cited Missing Reflexivity has recently been designated as an indicator of postmodernism in anthropological texts. In this context, the practice is attacked as self-indulgent narcissism, but its true scope reaches much further. While some ethnographic texts exhibit an overemphasis on the author, and his position within the work, this is one extreme of the range reflexivity, which also serves as a methodological tool, unincorporated into the writing, and as a means to account for the ethnographers biases and affects on his informants. This entire span of meaning is shown in anthropological research and writings, in varying manners and to different ends. An poignant example of reflexivity in writing is the much critiqued and criticized essay by Renato Rosaldo, â€Å"Grief and a Headhunter’s Rage†, wherein he explores his reactions to and understanding of Ilongot headhunting, as based on his personal experiences with death, or lack thereof. He argues that â€Å"most anthropological studies of death eliminate emotions by assuming the position of the most attached observer,† a precarious position which often leads to â€Å"actual indifference.† (15) He also acknowledges that reflexivity can easily slip into self-absorption, wherein one loses sight of differences which do exist. Despite attacks, by Michaelson and Johnson, that â€Å"Michele’s death gives Renato a newfound sense of ethnographic authority, a sense that he is ‘capable of feeling everything that the Ilongot do,† he never, in fact, makes this claim. (Behar, 171) Rosaldo, after sharing his experience of his wife’s death, and the grief that followed, emphasizes that the â€Å"statement should not lead anyone to derive a universal from somebody else’s personal knowledge.† (15) The author’s own experience does not give him a full understanding of the Ilongot, nor does he claim that it does so, but allows him to understand his informants explanations of headhunting which he had previously dismissed, not equating grief with rage. â€Å"Ilongot anger and [his] own overlap, rather like two circles, partially overlaid and partially separate.† (10) Or, as Marcus states it, â€Å"in any attempt to interpret or explain another cultural subject, a su rplus of difference always remains.† (Marcus, 186) Renato also briefly addresses the question of authority raised by reflexivity, and the admission of one’s shortcomings. What was once accepted as absolute truth is now being questioned, as the ethnographer acknowledges his own subjectivity, and â€Å"with the realization that [the] objects of analysis are also analyzing subjects who critically interrogate ethnographers.

Animal Farm Essential Questions

This is a historical, political and social allegory, that is, a story whose characters and events represent or symbolize ideas and events. George Orwell, who worked creating propaganda for the British government during World War II, saw the rise of socialism and Marxism, and the eventual dominance of Communism in the sass's. This book is Rowel's response to the world around him. How do some gain power over others? What enables them to succeed? Some gain power over others for many reasons.They may have better leadership skills and will aka charge or they could be the smartest and the most trustworthy. What enables them to succeed is if they lead correctly their followers will do the same causing success What is propaganda and what is the relationship between propaganda and power? Propaganda is communications to the public that are designed to influence the opinions. The relationship between propaganda and power is that propaganda can be used to maintain power or gain power. Why does p ropaganda work?Propaganda works because our minds are easily persuaded and any information even out by the more powerful people will be taken as true. How often In today's world are the weak exploited by the strong? Are utopias possible? I believe utopias are not possible because I think there will always be someone who will want to be different and could be greedy and change the look of the utopia. Is Animal Farm a relevant novel for the 21st century reader? All civilizations begin with a utopian society in mind but some where along the way they falter and stumble and finally fall only because of faults In human character.

What’s your opinion of these resume formats Your input requested!

What’s your opinion of these resume formats Your input requested! Resume format is a personal preference, and also a way to make an impression on hiring managers. A poorly formatted resume might be overlooked regardless of its content, and a beautifully designed resume might get positive attention because of its strong marketing value. If your design is bland, your resume could be met with a yawn; yet if you go overboard with graphics, you could turn off the very people youre wanting to impress. How do you want your resume format to stand out from the crowd? On-Line Formatting Services I was recently offered an opportunity to refer clients to Loft Resumes, a website specializing in professionally formatted resumes. I am honestly hesitant to recommend this service for many reasons, but I thought I would get your opinion before passing final judgment. Do you think this design service would be valuable for The Essay Experts clients? Lets go to the website for Loft Resumes to check out their offered formats.   Here’s what I found (please click to explore): //

Free Essays on FORECASTING(Manegment)

Relate the situation with the world cup jerseys to the importance of forecasting. What specific factors make accurate forecasting especially critical in this application? WHAT IS FORECASTING: To foresee and make decisions accordingly is Forecasting. This is a word, which we can relate to a term Fortune telling. Forecasts are vital to every business organization and for every significant management decision. Forecasting is the basis of corporate long run planning. But it has to be remembered that a perfect forecast is usually impossible. Too many factors in the business environment cannot be predicted with certainty. Therefore, rather than search for the perfect forecast, it is far more important to establish the practice of to learn to live with inaccurate forecast. Relationship of Forecasting with W/C Jerseys: During the time of world cup, the jerseys of the participating team were a product, which would sell like hot cake. And for the athletic apparel companies that pay thousands of dollars to sponsor the top teams in the world cup, it is the time for them to recoup some of their investments. And to do this they have to predict before hand which team is going to win the world cup. Usually, the top teams like Brazil, Italy, and Argentina are always top favorite to win the world cup. But besides these countries other country jerseys are also hot favorite. Like during the first world cup of the new millennium held in Korea, the jerseys of Korea were sold weeks before their surprising run into the semifinals. On the other hand, retailer kitbag.com had tens of thousands of jerseys of France who being the defending champion was shot out of the first round even without scoring a single goal in the tournament. So a good forecasting is essential to make sure that the product will be in demand and the whole stock can be sold during the time. But as mentioned earlier, an exact forecasting is not possible. But had the manufacturer of ... Free Essays on FORECASTING(Manegment) Free Essays on FORECASTING(Manegment) Relate the situation with the world cup jerseys to the importance of forecasting. What specific factors make accurate forecasting especially critical in this application? WHAT IS FORECASTING: To foresee and make decisions accordingly is Forecasting. This is a word, which we can relate to a term Fortune telling. Forecasts are vital to every business organization and for every significant management decision. Forecasting is the basis of corporate long run planning. But it has to be remembered that a perfect forecast is usually impossible. Too many factors in the business environment cannot be predicted with certainty. Therefore, rather than search for the perfect forecast, it is far more important to establish the practice of to learn to live with inaccurate forecast. Relationship of Forecasting with W/C Jerseys: During the time of world cup, the jerseys of the participating team were a product, which would sell like hot cake. And for the athletic apparel companies that pay thousands of dollars to sponsor the top teams in the world cup, it is the time for them to recoup some of their investments. And to do this they have to predict before hand which team is going to win the world cup. Usually, the top teams like Brazil, Italy, and Argentina are always top favorite to win the world cup. But besides these countries other country jerseys are also hot favorite. Like during the first world cup of the new millennium held in Korea, the jerseys of Korea were sold weeks before their surprising run into the semifinals. On the other hand, retailer kitbag.com had tens of thousands of jerseys of France who being the defending champion was shot out of the first round even without scoring a single goal in the tournament. So a good forecasting is essential to make sure that the product will be in demand and the whole stock can be sold during the time. But as mentioned earlier, an exact forecasting is not possible. But had the manufacturer of ...

D3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

D3 - Assignment Example If these views are put together, a more comprehensive perspective of child development can be obtained. (Berk) The underlying perceptions of these theories are technically different; and even contradicting to some extent. Piaget’s point is that the child’s learning and mental capabilities are fundamentally not inferior to that of the adults. The child’s learning is actually activity and observation based. But Vygotsky’s theory gives more prominence to the psychosocial aspects of child development. The emphasis on cognitive capabilities of a child can also be explained by genetic claims and calls for assistance from a capable teacher to help the child learn. The adult is more knowledgeable, experienced, and physically capable than the child. In the early stages of child development, assistance from the adult can be pivotal. Although self learning and activity based training processes are essential to achieve wholesome development, the importance of guidance by an adult can be considered as the basis of both preschool and Kindergarten levels of education and training. (Berk, 2-3) In the course of maturing the child’s tendencies and attempts toward developing a firmer grip on language (be that the child’s mother tongue or some other language), what the adult can do to help the child has been termed as â€Å"scaffolding† by many experts (e.g. Plumert and Whitehead, 523). Making the child aware of the different aspects of a language not possible unless all the four basic language capabilities are supported, which are writing, reading, speaking, and listening skills. Since developmental psychologists like Vygotsky put emphasis on the cognitive aspects of a child’s mental development, adult-child conversations can be regarded as an excellent tool to develop the child’s language skills during his/her pre-school days. This the primary stage of the child’s education and psychosocial

MENO AND EUTHYPHRO'S DILEMMA Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MENO AND EUTHYPHRO'S DILEMMA - Coursework Example This explains the principal source of the dilemma. The dilemma can be related to how virtue and ethics are defined in Meno’s dialogue. The dialogue lacks a satisfactory definition of virtue and ethics. Meno provides a list of varieties of virtue. Socrates points out a weakness in this, that many people are mistaken about what is good and evil. He asks if it is possible to acquire good things virtuously for them to be truly good (Harriet 133). His questions reveal that he considers a successful definition as one that is unitary. The dilemma arising from the words, â€Å"I love her since she is beautiful, or is it that she is beautiful because of my love for her,† is that beauty is subjective in the first case. I may love her because I think she is beautiful, in the contrary another person may think she is ugly. In the second case, it would mean I lack the knowledge of knowing what is beautiful. In life, we still face Euthyphro’s dilemmas. For instance, what we consider good may not be so for others. In this case, goodness is subjective to our own liking. For instance, do I love my mother because she carried me in her womb for 9 months, or because she carried me in her womb for 9 months, I love my mother? In the first case, it means all persons love their mothers for this reason, which is not true. The second argument is also impractical because there are individuals who were carried for 9 months and they still hate their